Discontinuation
Refer to changelogs.
Luddites
Elements of British society that protested against certain types of machines that would otherwise force them into poverty. The most affected trade was the clothes-making industry, with the innovation of automatic looms.
This, along with the rising prices for essential items downgraded the lives of these skilled men.
One cost of the machine is that the quality of its products, which was quite poor compared to the work of these craftsmen– creating a niche for craftsmen to retain their skills in smaller spaces. Some mills retained their craftsmen, partially out of fear of the Luddites and out of their desire to distinguish themselves with better quality than their competitors.
Other mills like Cartwright continued using machines and hired additional security to protect their investment from the Luddites. These machines also degraded the industry’s safety standards by allowing unskilled labor to operate dangerous machines without training. That and employing underaged workers in another attempt to save costs.
These pro-worker sentiments spread in pubs as more and more people gathered to discuss their favorite subject. Politics. They began to conspire against the rich mill owners by devising a plan to deal with the machines. At first, they thought about lawful means– but quickly realized the effectiveness of such stratagems would be limited.
So first, they went directly to the mill owners to negotiate. But then it quickly broke down after they were accused of being an illegal combination– a group of people that were unlawfully gathered. After this incident, the workers stormed William Hinchcliffe’s mill in the evening– destroying the machines in front in him. After doing so, they threatened the owner and bade him good day while warning that they will make another visit if those machines were reinstalled.
The Home Minister moved to reinforce the sentiments of the noble class, who threw their money to suppress the Luddite movement by sending soldiers to aid the local militia. As a result, the Luddites suffered from a nasty surprise when Cartwright successfully repelled their attacks– several wounded and two deaths amongst their numbers.
Eventually, the authorities were able to infiltrate the gatherings with their spies and promises of wealth– raiding multiple locations. From here on out, the movement died after this brutal crackdown.
The Church was used as means to get the imprisoned luddites to confess additional information before their determined deaths. A scaffold was also constructed to conduct the hangings of 15 men. On the day of their deaths, the people gathered around with a more solemn air, knowing the men strung up above were not criminals– yet they were powerless to do nothing else but witness their final moments.
Industrial Revolution
Robert Owen | Social Reform
introduced an alternative system in light of the industrial revolution. He eliminated child labor and replaced their time with education– electing to educate these young souls and pioneered a new education system. Sought to get rid of outdated traditions that relied on the worker-base and instead engineered a new methods that worked with a top-down approach.
His ideal was villages of “Unity & Cooperation”
Silent Monitor System
Workers would be graded everyday based on yesterday’s performance. Disliked harsh punishments and penalties.
Increased efficiency by reducing working hours, encouraging his workers to keep themselves clean.
Robert Owen later made his way into Parliament after they launched an inquiry and lobbied for a greater reform based on his ideas. Wanted to implement this regardless of organized religion. Later moved to the United States after they rejected his proposal. Referred to his idea as Democratic Socialism.
His philosophy as to how man can remain satisfied forever
“that is by the union and cooperation of all for the benefit of each”
His son later delivered the post-mortem of this project after Robert continued to subsidize it long after it failed.
“All cooperative schemes which provide equal remuneration to the skilled and industrious and the ignorant and idle, must work their own downfall”
Industrial revolution caused a massive increase in terms of population. Energy usage also went up during this period of time
Teleology (from τέλος, telos, ‘end’, ‘aim’, or ‘goal’, and λόγος, logos, ‘explanation’ or ‘reason’) or finality is a philosophical approach to discussing causality that explains causes in terms of ends, purposes,
There is a correlation between population density and resources sources in the UK during the industrial revolution.
London: Beer
Manchster: Cotton
Sheffield: Steel
Ale vs. Porter
Aging, storage, and scaling up from wooden barrels to vats. Market dominance of large brewers
By 1795, only the cotton and coal industries had actual workers.
Week 3
Army Corps Of Engineers:
- Nature of professionalization
- Relationship of engineering to science | Relationship of science & engineering with respect to government.
- Social/Political/cultural context for engineering ideas and practices
Federalists V. Democratic-Republicans differed in terms of foreign policy
France’s engineering tradition:
Reign of King Louis XIV who implemented reforms to modernize the nation. Responsible for Europe’s first transcontinental waterway. They were more disciplined and treated the craft as an art of sorts, elevating its status.
UK engineers were less precise and structured, teaching the job as an apprenticeship due to their
lack of need. More empathized
Louis Le Begue Duportail, responsible for the creation of the corps of engineers and lobbied for the Military Peace Establishment Act of 1802 to be passed– one that allowed the corps to constitute a military academy. Jefferson disliked the concept of a ‘peacetime’ army but thought that a academy would be able to pacify them– allowing him to remove his political enemies. The Federalists sought to remove the French influence that still permeated through the corps.
Science of Defense
The Circular forts were the first armored base made in the US by West Point’s first superintendent
Dueling Constitutional Interpretations
Jefferson
Enthusiasm for Science and internal improvements, but thought constittuional amendment needed for federal govern to act .
The Galllatin plan, a wishlist of all of the canals nad public works that he wanted to work on.
Elemenets of Clay’s American System
- Protective tariff
- National bank
- internal improvements
SecWar John Calhoun Bonus Bill of 1817 - Prosed fund for a system of internal improvements
Madison vetoed due to concerns that it would be unconstitutional.
State initiative for internal improvements: Erie canal.
Propreitary model for engineers
The success of Erie Canal kindled enthusiasm for canal building nationwide (including Ohio)
- Gibbons V. Ogden: SCOTUS overturned state steamboat monopoly and reinforced the interstate commerce caluse
- General Survey Act of 1824: Funding for planning roads and canals
- Corps of Engineers prominent on advisory board
Great National Project: C & O Canaal
Was held in comparision to the great wall of China
Some people opposed it and went on to cause a dispute in engineering tradition.
Simon Bernard: Grand national project, 60-foot wide, 6ft deep, trapezoidal channel, total cost $22mil
Geddes and Roberts: Alternative model at a fraction of the cost.
Baltimore and Ohio railroad broke ground at the same time the C&O canal did and legal battles delayed contrusction since both projects sought exclusive use of point of Rocks, narrow gorge below Harper’s ferry.
Bernard was vindicated
Challenging Corps Expertise: EADS Bridge and Jetties
Week 3, Thursday:
Lecture blueprint:
- What?
- Cultural perceptions of engineers and technology in the 19th century US.
- Making sense of the Second Industrial Revolution
- The “Age of Inventors” (1876-1918)
- Rise of corporate industrial laboratories (1900-1929)
- So what?
- Where does technological innovation come from?
Perception of Engineers (Soldiers of Fortune)
They were perceived to be creators, men who built as opposed to soldiers who only destroy. Their efforts went unsung yet all men flourished as the result of the roods they built.
Geographic setting is relevant here as the engineers were modernizing New Mexico and fought against nature itself as they sought to carve their own niche. This satisfied man’s need to demonstrate his manhood after being boxed away into offices and other city work.
First Industrial revolution
The Factory
UK: Mid 18th century, steam driven by late 18th century
US: Early 19th century, water driven until after 1840
Indtrial Landscapes
Energy affects facotry
British Romantics’ response to industrialisms
Wrote poems speaking against such machines and referred to them as satanic. The American counterpart rejected the British’s critique against nature and embraced them, so no elements similar to the luddites came into existence over there.